S. T. Coleridge

S. T. Coleridge Biography literature task

1. Write in your words the difference beBetween poem and prose. 
 Ans...In the poem rhyming,symbols,metaphor are using. But in prose meter,rhyme are not using in prose.Poem is written in rhymes,rhydham and imagination.prose is written in ordinary form. In the poem poet creates his feelings,emotion.
    In the prose written and spoken language in ordinary form without metrical structure.prose has simple writing style it looks like artificial argument of rhymes,words.But poetry is full of knowledge.

  2. Write in your words the difference between poem and poetry.

Ans... poetry is the use of words and language to evoke a writer's feelings and thoughts, while a poem is the arrangement of these words. poetry is the process of creating a literary piece using metaphor, symbols and ambiguity, while a poem is the end result of this process.

Pehredar piya ki "

Pehredar piya ki "

 Pehredar  piya ki  it is quite different theme than other serials.It is about 10 years old (Ratan)and 18 years old  (Diya).
                 I don't think so we should support the serial 'pehredar piya ki 'because in this serial,show maker showing us that Diya wants to protect Ratan from some evil family members and that is the reason she is ready to get marry with Ratan.But I don't think so this is only way to protect Ratan,I think that ,the concept of the story and thinking of show maker is really funny ,it means how can someone show romance between 18 years old girl and 10 years old boy ???

             I think this serial is regressive because this is not last option to protect 10 years old boy to marry with 18 years old girl.

Post Truth

Post Truth

Post Truth


We know the definition of Post Truth very well.
According to Oxford Dictionary that
"Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.
‘in this era of post-truth politics, it's easy to cherry-pick data and come to whatever conclusion you desire'."
It means  the truth has broken by media and another social media like facebook, twitter,whats app,Instagram etc, that the truth has saw as very Pepperded, and the conclusion has desired by whatever they want. Nd some of critic has believed that this era also a 'Post Truth Political Era'.


I would like to give some political examples like a 'Achhe din'. We know Modiji will have been completed his 5 year as a PM. And we also know that whatever he done and doing and will be do. And we also know he has done work, which is impossible to another government. We can see that our social media network has propagated that Making a image, and also know the 'Vikas'. They make a jokes, commentary to fight with each other. Like a Congress and Bhajapa, Aam aadmi party and another parties.


I would like to give some more example about post truth. We are habitually watching T.V serial and  film. Here we can see that most of the directer has started old concept story like 'Mahabharat', 'Gita' and other story. Here we can see that the director has changed and make a new story & serial and they conclude as they wants.

Worksheet: Aristotle's Poetics

Worksheet: Aristotle's Poetics

 Q.1-  How far do you agree with Plato’s objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers? Name the texts (novels, plays, poems, movies, TV soaps etc which can be rightfully objected and banned with reference to Plato’s objections) 

(1-A).I agree Plato's objection to freedom of expression is true because some kind of serials ,advertisement and literary text is not good aspect for examples are

➨Ahaliya-indra, kunti's children and many other's things

.

➨Sony tv serial "Bharat ka veer putar 'Maharana pratap" .

In real life Maharana Pratap and Akbar never came face to face with each other. But here the two have been fighting each other ever since they were kid. Like every other serial, this serial Forget history, the serial just like any other contemporary TV show is full of saas bahu saajish and melodrama.

➨In the tragedy "Othello" by William Shakespeare During the drama the audience finds itself in concepts of love,hate,jealousy.Othello killed his wife.

➨Advertisements of "Domino's pizza" and other advertisements .97% of all food advertised to all food advertised to make children's unhealthy levels of fat, sugar,or salt.

So I agree with Plato's objection.

Q.2.  With reference to the literary texts you have studied during B.A. programme, write brief note on the texts which followed Aristotelian literary tradition (i.e. his concept of tragedy, catharsis, tragic hero with hamartia etc)

(2-A).Aristotle defines tragedy as, “the imitation of an action that is serious and also has moving magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language… in a dramatic rather than narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, where with to accomplish a catharsis of emotions”, . These are unique qualities which can be in Othello. The story starting with the main character and protagonist Othello, an African general for the Venice army. Othello has just married his wife Desdemona. Throughout the play Othello is challenged by Iago who works under him. Iago provides the drama; he represents the antagonist.Nothing good becomes of this play. By the end of this tragedy, both Othello and Desdemona are dead.

Q.3.  With reference to the literary texts you have studies during B.A. programme, write brief note on the texts which did NOT follow Aristotelian literary tradition. (i.e. his concept of tragedy, catharsis, tragic hero with hamartia etc.)

(3-A.) Harry Ape as a modern tragedy does not follow the theory of Aristotle. Yank the hero has no hamartia as he is not a man of highrank . there are the action not external but internal.

Q.4.  Have you studied any tragedies during B.A. programme? Who was/were the tragic protagonist/s in those tragedies? What was their ‘hamartia’?

(4-A). Othello by william shakespeare tragedy I study in my B.A pogramme.follow necessary rules and regulations proposed bAristotle's definition of tragic hero othello follow this definition and not only othello reprsent a hero as a general of an army ,he is the main character of the play.he draws compassion and sympathy from the audience making him the tragic hero.

5. Did the ‘Plot’ of those tragedies follow necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle? (Like chain of cause and effect, principle of probability and necessity, harmonious arrangement of incidents, complete, certain magnitude, unity of action etc)

(5-A)."othello" follow necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle.

Thinking Task of 'Dryden's essay'

Thinking Task of 'Dryden's essay'

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play?
2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the Ancient or the Modern? Please give reasons.
3) Do you think that the arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate? (Say for example, Death should not be performed as it is neither 'just' not 'liely' image, displaying duel fight with blunted swords, thousands of soldiers marching represented as five on stage, mingling of mirth and serious, multiple plots etc.)
4) What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play? 

1) Yes, the definition of both critics has different aspects in one or the other way. As far as the definition of Aristotle is concern, he defined tragedy as an ‘ideal’ representation of life. While the definition of Dryden says that is should be ‘just’ and ‘lively’ image of human life, and he has added delight also in the representation of life. Aristotle’s definition has ended with ‘catharsis’ while the definition of Dryden has ‘delight’.
2) If I suppose to give my personal predilection, I would like to be on the side of modern, because ancients have followed the rules and disciplines, and moderns have not only followed or imitated them but also have given something new with the help of new inventions in that era like in science and changes in the social world. Ancient used to write in different kind of boundaries like unities and as per the Greek tradition some scenes were not allowed to perform on stage. So the freedom of action is not there.
3) The arguments have presented in the favor of French and against of English plays are not appropriate in one or the other way because it’s true that French plays have its own rules and discipline. There are certain psychological reasons of all the actions in the play, and it has always proper manner of writing. It believes that the death should not be presented on stage and there should be only a narration of it. As far as English plays are concern they strongly believe that death scene should be performed because it can be have a great effect on the audience though it is not ‘just’ and ‘lively’. In English plays there are multiple plots woven together which used to support the main plot and helps the action to take place and tries to increase the interest of audience. The sense of realistic representation is there in the English plays. For E.g. Othello, there is a death scene in it, and in Hamlet there is a war and fighting scenes, but only description of those parts could not be effective as performance can do.
4) I would like to be preferred with prosaic dialogue, because as far as routine and common conversation is concern poetic language cannot give more justice to it, Poetic dialogues can define a very higher state of emotions like pain, catharsis, love and etc. As far as all the plays are concerned, there should be many kinds of themes in it, for e.g. a king cannot order his servant in poetic manner.

Wordsworth thinking activity

• What is the basic difference between the poetic creed of 'Classicism' and 'Romanticism'?

     classicism and Romanticism are two ideology. it's a technique of writing. in both the term we find a dominance of certain things.classical writer like pope, Dryden believe in intellect whereas for  romantic writers like Keats,shelly, wordsworth imagination is the guiding principle. in classicism we find certain kind of restrained. while romanticism is free from that . they believe in liberty,freedom. there is free play of emotions. they express  whatever they like. classical writers relied on the classical master. whatever they said it is bible for them. romantic writers followed medieval writers.
                                  In classical literature of Dryden city life or urben life was the central attraction.as their theme. while for romantic writers rural life becomes the theme of their writing. rustic life attracts them most. they sing the glory of the rural life. romantic poetry is subjective while classical poetry is objective.
                                 If there is a difference between classicism and romanticism then it is the difference between their approach in which they looked at the poetry.

• Why does Wordsworth say 'What' is poet? rather than Who is poet?

To give words to our feelings we must have special medium,that we hardly get but poet who is a person,can easily with talent & simple way present that.he has talent & power to give model through his art .In his art he don't just depicts thoughts but soul of,deep meaning of ideas are there.so we can say that,he has art or medium to give words their feelings & by that he also shares that with readers.and it really matters.and that's why,may be,here,Wordsworth want to defined What if poet rather than Who is poet.because who is poet has limited answer to justify his image,better you see him,observe him,evaluate him as a poet having some unique quality.that gives him scope to touch the heart of others,by sharing his own sentiments.he can come across our emotions too.In literary form,he can proves his greatness with the use of human study & philosophy of life in a better way.

• What is poetic diction? Which sort of poetic diction is suggested by Wordsworth in his Preface?

By watching second video we come to know that what is poetic diction. It is a choice of words, use of language, poet's own unique style of writing. Wordsworth believed in using lower class people's language. It fits well to the purpose of poetic pleasure. He said that rustic people are more genuine. But he also believes that it should be refined.

• What is poetry?

Poetry is a breath and finer spirit of all knowledge, it usually gives moral thoughts. It may be both spontaneity and tranquility, but in both process it gives delight to the readers.

• Discuss 'Daffodils - I wandered lonely as a cloud' with reference to Wordsworth's poetic creed.

Wordsworth's definition is very famous , in this definition he gave the important of spontaneous overflow.Daffodils (1804) is the best example for understand the definition in this poem we find first three stanza in past tense and last stanza in present tense . In this poem we find recollection and tranquility. It happens work out of definition.

Hamlet thinking activity

• How faithful is the movie to the original play ?

    Ans. Movie is most same as original play. it covers all dialogues and incidence it has followed text well but we also show some difference in the movie like in the movie  hamlet look too old  but in real in the play who is young. 

• After watching the movie, have your percoption  about play, characters or situation changed

 Ans.      After watching the movie, we come to know about how dialogues were delivered. movie starting with name of ''HAMLET" it's unique style to shows movie name so it's very effective. The character expression and way they speaks is too good. specially  a character of ' Ophelia'. The way she
changed her expression it's very difficult.

• Do you feel 'catharsis' while or after watching movie ? if yes, exactly when did in happen? if no, can you explain with reasons ?

Ans. Yes, i feel 'Cathersis' while ophelia becomes mad at that time she needs hamlet  his love and support but he was not there and she dies. so with this thing love of ophelia and hamlet got tragic end.

• Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play ? 

Ans.    Yes, screening of the movie helps me a lot to understand the situation and emotion of the character. Movie is very helpful to remind every character and incident but if we only read the text so its difficult for us.

• If you are director, What changes would you like to make in the remarking of movie on shakespeares's 'Hamlet' ?

Ans.    There is no much need to change the movie. The setting of the play is too good and we can also see the way of showing name of the film on pillar of castle it's unique. I wont to one change in character of Ophelia. Ophelias character shown as weak but i want a strong female character who take her own decision.

• In the beginning of the movie , camera rolls over the statue of king Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle. The movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the King Hamlet is hammered down to the dust. What sort of symbolism do you red in this ?

Ans.      In this statue shows that King Hamlet was at the center without him tragedy could not happened. He was responsible for everything and fall of Denmark. The fall of the statue also signifies his rules ends on DENMARK.          

Paper no 4 Indian writing in English

Paper 4 assignment


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Assignment
Name : Parmar Darshna Vinod Bhai
Roll on : 5
M. A: Sem-1
Year 2017-2019
Paper No: 4- Indian Writing in English pre -                         Independence
Email ID :parmardarshana1997@gmail.com
Enrollment No:2069108420180039
Submitted to : Department of English                                               M. K. bhavanagar

Topic :what's the meaning of subaltern?

   Write a critical note on the charcter of eklavaya with special reference to the concept of subaltern

Introduction

T. P.  Kailasam:

    T.P.Kailasam is remembered as the father of modern Kannada drama, the man of genius whose plays revolutionized the Kannada stage. He gave refreshing realism and modernity and freed it once for all from the literary unrealities that possessed it.
             
      Kailasam focused tradition on contemporary social problems, a deeply compassionate vision of the human struggle, an almost Shakespearian power to evoke sympathetic laughter and an amazing grasp of the living language of men, combined with the gift of using it artistically for dramatic purpose                         
   The five published poems of T.P.Kailasam are-

1.       The Burden(1933)
2.       Fulfillment(1933)
3.       The Purpose(1944)
4.       Karna(1946)
5.       Keechake(1949)
                           
         Kailasam had as intimate a knowledge of The Ramayana as he had of The Mahabharata. But, with the exception of The Burden, all the published plays of Kailasam are inspired by The Mahabharata.
                     
           Shriranga remarks, “This Kannada Playwright, who wrote complete plays in English did not write a single play purely in Kannada.”
                         
      Kailasam was brought up on the Indian epics and they were always a living presence to him:
“These scenes and words you’ll see and hear
I’ve seen and heard before;
       As king or priest, poltroon or peer,
       Somewhere…some when of your”.
               
                 The time in which Kailasam wrote was featured by English- educated Indians to construct a well-defined nation free from colonial shadow. On the other side the whole nation was diseased by caste system, child marriage and Sati. Upper class, lower class and middle existed. During his time west was the model of moderation. As India has very rich literary and cultured past, past was an essential factor to represent Indianness. With the help of our ancient books T.P. Kailasam tried to bring into limelight marginalized characters such as Ekalavya and Karna.
                     

                      The identity movements have increased where this type of plays prove useful. Arjun and other princes, their mentor all are from upper caste while Ekalavya is ‘Nishada’ a lower- caste fellow who is denied the basic right of Education.
                                              “The Greatness of art”, Said Kailasam, “is in proportion to the greatness of the characters that the artists creates.”
                                 
          “Art” said Kailasam, “never sets out to achieve something practical .Its aim is delight.”
                         
                    Towards the end when Arjun protests that “the killing of an unarmed man” is “unfair, most unjust”, then Krishna says:
                           
       “It is the purpose of killing, not
                               
         The means and manner of killing that
                     
       Decides the fairness - justness of the killing.”

Plot:
                                 
          The story deals with lower caste student who is eager to lower to learn archery to protect the fawns from the attack of wolves’ .A small boy called Ekalavya mother shows him the right path. She tells him to go to a teacher- Drona.
                               
              Drona taught the princes only so he refused to teach a “Nishada”. Before seeing Drona, Ekalavya was worried that he may not fit with the princes and so Drona might not accept him.
                             
                 “Frightened as I am, I MUST WALK UP TO HIM AND ASK HIM! I wonder how I DARE! He looks so big and so noble!”
                                           
     This shows the inner suffering and thoughts of lower class people while going to an upper class person. But Ekalavya is firm to meet Drona.
                           
                 “But I MUST DARE! I MUST DARE ANYTHING TO SAVE MY POOR LITTLE FAWNS!”
                                         
       The motive of Ekalavya was good. In order to save innocent animals he wanted to be an archer. There was no pride in him. He was humble. When he was not accepted he did not lose courage. He went back to his abode. The second act violates the rule of action given by Aristotle. Drona and Arjun are seen on a path. While they were talking both of them suddenly heard the high-pitched yell of a wild beast. They saw a continuous line of arrows pierce through the head of the fleeing beast wolf. The bowman was none other than Ekalavya. He comes to Dronacharya and Arjun. If one has desire to learn something even mountainous obstacles seem to be a small hill. Making the mud statue of Dronacharya he started practicing archery and it is said-
  “PRACTICE MAKES MAN PERFECT”.
                           

                   He becomes a perfect archer and achieved his goal. Ekalavya had no hunger of fame but his aim was the warfare of helpless fawns residing in the forest.
                                   
            Arjun reminds Drona about the promise he had made to him to make him the world’s best archer. Arjun saw his dream shattered into pieces. Dronacharya’s pain as a teacher is universalized by the playwright. Drona’s speech short but is worth reading-

“If teaching and learning were all in the hands of Guru’s only, I could make him Greater Than you!”

“It is only love and respect for the Guru that counts… but the PURPOSE…the MAIN PURPOSE with which the pupil learns, Decides How Much He learns!”
                               
                Drona further highlights Arjun’s aim for being an archer. Ekalavya felt guilty as he thought that because of him his Guru’s promise is broken. He takes a firm decision to give his ‘Right Hand THUMB’ in “GURU DAXINA”. He walks up to the clay image of Drona and lays his right hand on the plinth; with an unflinching look on his face with one deft sharp stroke of his left arm, severs his right thumb; unheeding the gush of blood, picks up his severed thumb and walking back to Guru’s feet and stands mute! The other two have been to spell-bound to either follow or arrest Ekalavya’s movements. After serving thumb he repents for his fawn. He is worried about the lives of those creatures-
“God! My Fawns in Distress! And I Too Helpless Myself to Help Them”.
                                         
     When Arjun speaks with him, and asks him about his feelings then Ekalavya says:
“Sorry?”  Why should I be sorry? ... It is the least I could do to help my Guru… GODS! I HAVE FORGOTTEN MY FAWNS! SORRY!? I SHALL BE SORRY EVERY MOMENT OF MY LIFE IDID THIS MAD THING! EVERY TIME I HEAR THE GROAN OF A DEER OF THE DYING SHRIEK OF A FAWN I SHALL FEEL IT IS THE ECHO OF MY OWN DEATH- CRY! EVERY TIME I SEE THE MAIMED MAULED MANGLED REMAINS OF DEER OR FAWN, I SHALL FEEL ALL THE AGONIES OF MY OWN HEART BEING TORN ALIVE OUT OF MY BODY! OF COURSE I SHALL BE SORRY EV’RY MOMENT ALL THE REST OF MY LIFE I DID THIS MAD MAD THING!!
Characterization:
                                           
    T.P.Kailasam has skillfully depicted the main characters as minor and the minor as main. Ekalavya could excel even Drona in the knowledge of archery. The influence of the mother, similarly, is demonstrated to be a great force in shaping character, as we see in the case of Ekalavya and Karna.
Character of Ekalavya:
                                               
  In Mahabharata, we find a short description of Ekalavya; he was a “Nishada”. He was a talented boy. He was Non-Aryan. He wants to save deers from wolves. His father died while fighting for king. His mother was righteous woman. His mother tells him to ask Guru Drona about archery, so that he can save deers from wolves but Drona refused to teach him. Then Ekalavya made his statue from mud. He learn archery, he become a better archer without any guidance. But when Guru Drona asks for his Guru Daxina, he gave his right hand thumb.
Character of Arjun

                                           
      The famous character from the epic Mahabharata. He is the son of the King Pandu and Kunti. Here in Purpose by T. P. Kailasam, Arjun is presented as a common man. He thinks that learning archery is his birth right. He symbolizes the so called ambitious and arrogant people of society. He was jealous of Ekalavya. When he was child he has many questions in his mind, he wants to be an archer, whom no one can defeat. He was described as innocent small child who has many dreams. Like any ordinary student he has also the problem of concentration.

Comparison between Ekalvya and Arjun
                                                   
     “The Purpose” by T.P. Kailasam presents the two characters, Arjuna and Ekalavya. Kailasam had given more importance to the character of Ekalavya. In any ancient literature, we find the characters like Ravana and Karna but they had not given importance also. On the other hand character like Arjuna, takes pleasure of all comforts given by the royal family, he was shocked, when he saw the condition of the wolf, he seems to be malicious to Ekalavya. But at the end he agrees that Ekalavya is better then him.
Style of “The Purpose”:
                                                 
  “The Purpose” in which Ekalavya suffers from being too discursive, especially in the first act Ekalavya’s tragedy, is one of the most effective sense that the dramatist executed. Alliteration served him as a good comic device in his social plays , it proves to be disastrous. This is how Bhishma of “The Purpose” instruct Arjuna-

“   Blessings, my budding bowman. But you will never bloom into better until you better the bearing of your body whilst at bow craft.”

Ekalvay as subaltern

-The  greatest of art is in proportion to the greatness of the characters that the ritist creates.

*Center

-An  epic hero
- original myth
-Two acts
-Great nishada

* Devotion to his Guru.

*Compassion for the poor fawns.

*Tregedy arises.
-Conflict - two loyalties and  Consequent betrayal.

* original character of  Ekalvya

* Mahabharata - Short description ekalvya

*Deprived of his basic right of education

* drona refused non-Muslims Aryan.

*started studying archery had to pay fees.

*Rights hand 'S thumb cut

* Ekalvay to the  purpose

*non Aryan enger to save father is acher who died for king while fighting.

*Mother is virtuous lady tells to meet drona charya .

*modren ekalvya

-kailasm's  Tim's India divided castes  sub castes
-Lower class victim of fake rules and regulations
-ekalvya faced all the problems and came out in flying colours.
-the best Archer
-Arjuna and drona saw to wolf.
-Drona was amazed praised the Archery.
 What is the meaning of subaltern ::

Theme of Subaltern:
                                                 
     In the original myth Ekalavya was asked to give Daxina, but here in T.P. Kailasam’s   The Purpose, the student willingly decides to do so. For the dignity of his Guru’s promise he gave his important part of the body. When Ekalavya saw his Guru’s dilemma he decided to present his right thumb as Guru Daxina.
 “If one studies without envy, success is bound to come.”


Conclusion:
                                   
          “A person of no pride always remembers that no one can be perfect”. Over confidence is always dangerous. And “TO ERR IS HUMAN’ should be remembered. Here a minor character of Mahabharata, the great epic, is made a hero. T.P. Kailasam drew out a giant and capable character. His mythical characters are very powerful.

Paper no 3 literary theory and criticism

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Name   : Parmar Darshna Vinodbhai
Roll no  : 5
Enrollment no : 2069108420180039
Year      : 2017-2019
Paper no : 3 literary theory and criticism 1
M. A.     : Sem  1
Email ID : parmardarshana1997@gmail.com
Submitted to : Department of English Bhavnagar
Topic       : Theme and subject matter of poetry according to Wordsworth

Introduction about author
William Wordsworth was born in 1770 in a little town in the Lake District in the north west of England. He was British poet his continued his studies at Cambridge university. He made his debut as a writer in 1787, when he published a sonnet in the European magazine. Same year he entered St John's collage Cambridge form where he took his B. A. In the 1791.In 1795 he met Coleridge. Wordsworth composed his masterwork, lyrical ballad, which opened with Coleridge "ancient Mariner. In 1798 he started to write a large and philosophical autobiographical poem. He died to due to pleurisy on April 23,1850 and is buried at St Oswald church in grasmere.
- Wordsworth poetic creed initiated the romantic era by emphasize felling instinct, and pleasure above formality and mannerism.
- Wordswroth gave expression to inchoate human emotion.
His notable works :-
- Prelude
- The rainbow
- Daffodils
- Lyrical ballad
- Upon the Westminster bridge
Definition of poetry
- Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling :it takes it origin form emotion recollected  in tranquility.
- Poetry cannot be composed under duress, the  clear spring of poetry must flow freely and spontaneously.

What is poetry
Poetry is the Spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.
Wordsworth's enormous poetic legacy rests on a large number of poems written by him but the theme that run through wordswith's poetry remained consistent throughout even the language and imagery he used to embody those themes, remained remarkably consisted. They remained consistent to the canons Wordsworth had set our the preface to lyrical ballad. In his second edition of the lyrical ballad. (1802)He wrote preface to defend himself from negative reviews.
Wordsworth's argued that poetry should be written in the real language of common man, rather than in the lofty and elaborat diction that were then considered " poetic " He believed that the first principle of poetry should be pleasure and so the chief duty of poetry is to provide pleasure thought rhythmic and beautiful expression of felling. All human sympthay, he asserted, is based on a subtle pleasure principal that is "The naked and native dignity of man
In the "Advertisement "to the 1798 edition of lyrical ballads Wordsworth and coldrige state that the poems in the style and subject matter Wordsworth elaborated on this idea in the "preface "to the 1800 and 1802 edition which outline his main ideas of a new theory of poetry. Wordsworth's explained his poetical concept.
" The majority of the following poem are to be considered as experiments. They were written chiefly with a view to a ascertain how for the language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adopted to the purpose of poetic pleasure ".
If the experiment with vernacular language was not enough of a departure from the norm, the focus an simple, uneducated country people as the subject of poetry was a single of shift to modern literature. One of the main themes of "lyrical ballads " is return the original state of nature in which man led a pures and more innocent existence, Wordsworth subscribe to Rousseau's belief that man was essentially good and was corrupted by the influence of society. This may be linked with the sentiments spreading though Europe just prior to the French revolution.
Wordsworth rejecting the classical notion that poetry should be about elevated subject and should be composed in a formal style : Wordsworth instead championed more democratic themes the lives of ordinary men and women, farmers, paupers and the rural poor. In the preface " he also emphasize his commitment to writing in the ordinary language of people, not a highly crafted poetical one. True to traditional ballad form, the poems depict realistic character in realstic situation, and so contain a strong narrative element.
> Theme of poetry
> Theme of poem
- Nature
- Power of human mind
- Rustic life
- Childhood as a theme
<Theme of Nature
- Nature provided the ultimate good  influence on the human mind.
- The good relationship with nature helps indilua's connect to both the spiritual and the social worlsd's.
For example
"one  summer evening I found little boat tied to a willow tree with in a rocky cove, it is usual home.
< Childhood as a theme
- In Wordsworth's poerty, childhood is magical, magnificent time of innocence.
- Childhood form an intense bond with nature, so much so that they appear to be a part of the natural world, rather than apart of human social world.
For example
- She dwelt among the untrodden ways.
- Strange fits of passion have I known.
< The power of human mind
- Wordsworth praised the power of human mind.
For example
- Lines composed a few miles above tintern Abbey.
< Rustic life :-
- Wordsworth always use simply and rustic life in his poem.
- The live of ordinary men and women, farmers rural poor.
For example
- Solitary reaper

> See  the major themes of Wordsworth poetry
1- Nature
2- Memory
3- Morality
4- Transcendence and connectivity
5 - Religion
6-  The power of human mind
7- Childhood these of Wordsworth's poetry with the help of this he wrote many beautiful poems. Let's see one of his major themes in details and with the help of this we understand the theme of poetry using by Wordsworth.
> Nature
      As a discussed earlier that Wordsworth was a romantic and nature poet. In his most of poems he used nature very beautifully. In this poem nature plays a role and nature is a character. In his most of poem he used nature mostly and characterized very well, so he called nature poet.
"Come forth in to the light of things let nature by your teacher ".
     No discussion on Woodward would be complete without mention of nature. Throughout Wordsworth's work nature provides the ultimate good influence on the human mind .
       Above all we may say that he was the priest of nature.
     Let us short review Wordsworth view on the theme and subject matter of poetry.
> Subject matter of poetry
1-  Object
2- Humble and rustic life
3- language
- object brife review Wordsworth views on the 'Theme ' and subject matter of poetry ".
> Subject matter of poetry
1- Object
The principle object then proposed in these poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate and describe them throughout, as far as possible in a selection of language  really used by men, and at the same time ,to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect; and further and above all, to make these situations and incidents interesting  by tracing in them, truly thought not ostentatiously the primary laws of our  nature: chiefly as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement.
       2 -  Humble and rustic life
Humble and rustic life was generally chosen, because in that condition the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity, are less under restraint. Speak a plainer and more emphatic language, because in that condition of life our elementary feelings co-exist in a state of greater simplicity and consequently may be more accurately contemplated and more forcibly communicated; because the manners of rural life   germinate from these elementary  feelings and from the necessary character of rural occupations are more easily comprehended and more durable and lastly, because in that condition the passions of men are incorporated with the beautiful and permanents forms of nature.
             3)   Language (style of poetry)
 The language, too of these men has been adopted purified indeed from what appear to be its real defects ,from all lasting  and rational causes of dislike and disgust because such men communicate with the best objects from which the best part of language is originally derived; and because from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse, being less under the influence of social variety, they convey their feelings and notions in simple and elaborated expressions.
        The function of poetry According to Wordsworth.
 According to Wordsworth ‘Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge, the impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science.’  Poetry is like morning star which throws its radiance through the gloom and darkness of life. The poet is a teacher and through the medium of poetry he imparts moral lessons for the betterment of human life. Poetry is the instrument for the propagation of moral thoughts.Wordsworth’s poetry does not simply delight us but it also teaches us deep moral lessons and brings home to us deep philosophical truth about life and religion.Wordsworth believes that a poetry of revolts against moral ideas is a poetry of revolts against life or poetry of indifference towards moral ideas is a poetry of indifference towards life.
Conclusion
 Wordswroth view on the poetic style at Thus Wordsworth‘s view on poetical style are the most revolutionary of all idea in his Preface. He discarded the gaudiness and inane phraseology of many modern writers. He insists that his poems are written in ‘selection of language of men in a state of vivid sensation’. His views of poetic diction can be summed up as ‘there neither is nor can be any essential difference between the language of prose and metrical composition.

Paper no 2 The neo classical literature

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Assignment
Name :Parmar Darshna Vinod Bhai
Roll on : 5
M. A.  Sem -1
Year - 2017-2017
Enrollment No: 2069108420180039
Email ID :parmardarshana1997@gmail.com
Paper No: 2 Neo classical Age
Submitted To : Department of English bhavnagar
Topic :critical appreciation of Tom Jones

Introduction
Henry Fielding was born in 1707 in Lieutenant George Fielding and his wife Sarah. History of Tom Jones a foundling was published in 1749. Henry died on October 8th of 1754 in Jonquiere, her Lisbon.

Accordingly to William Hazlit Fielding’s novels throw massive light on 18th century society of England, than the whole mass of historical documentary. The entries life of England including countryside highways, urban and rural society is wonderfully – presented with the help of graphics and suggestive touches he provided a remarkably distinct and vivid impression of the externalities of his age. The history of Tom Jones, a foundling was published in 1749.
THEMES IN TOM JONES:-

Tom Jones is an interesting epicomic novel by Henry Fielding. Henry Fielding was renowned writer of 18th century. He was born in 1707 and died in 1754. Almost every aspect of Fielding’s own life is seen in the novel, from love and reverence he had for his first wife to his extensive knowledge of the South Western part of England. Even Tom Jones himself clearly shows the – markings of Fielding exhibiting the same careless good nature as well as deeply entrenched awareness of poverty and the reversals of fortune. This novel exhibits many themes:

·         Virtue as an action in Tom Jones
·         Hypocrisy
·         Journey
·         Romance
·         Love
·         Contemporary Social Scenario
·         Patriotism
·         Stereotypes
·         Art as a theme

NOW I EXPLAIN ALL THE THEMES IN DETAILS…………..
   

Virtue as an action in Tom Jones:

Fielding has here changed the concept of virtue. He has presented his virtues protagonist with manly weakness. Tom Jones is a virtuous person whose love for Sophia is pure but his weakness forced him to have relations with three other women Mr. Allworthy is praised as a virtuous man all over the region. Blifil was considered virtuous but he has none. Tom the hero steals but to help his servant virtue in Tom Jones is to be taken in broad sense. The writer’s view is different than other writers. He believes that a man is full of weakness but yet he can remain virtuous.

Hypocrisy:-

Hypocrisy in one of the themes. Here, many rural and urban characters are Hippocratic. Sophia’s aunt, Lady Bellaston, Thwacked, Squire, Blifil are hollow people who tried to pretentious.

Journey:

As most of the epics of ancient India’s and Greek’s heroes, hero of this novel also travels a lot after he is thrown away from Mr. Allworthy’s house. His education of life and philosophy starts on the journey. Not only the hero but also heroine sets out a journey. They both learn from the experiences of the different places. Meeting different people they are acquainted to the ways of the world.

Romance:

From beginning till the end the novel is full of romance. The exposure of the hero as well as heroine from rural and urban life is romantic. Many other adventures incidents increase the reader’s romance. The reader travels with the writer with curiosity to various places. The writer has keenly written minute details of the characters which are no less romantic.

Love:

Love has various forms in the novel. Father Son’s Love, father – daughter’s love for servant, hero’s love for heroine, common person’s love for good person, a soldier’s love for his country and greed’s love for money are well defined in the novel through the characters, such as Allworthy.  Tom, Mr. Western, Sophia, Tom – Molly and Black George, Tom – Sophia, Mrs. Miller and Mrs. Waters – Tom etc.

Contemporary Social Scenario:

The vices of the society are ridiculed by Henry Fielding wisely and also without creating havoc, one by one evil customs of the society are satirized effectively and efficiently.

Patriotism:

Tom Captain and Solider were eager to crush the rebel for the sake of motherland; Nationalist feeling is aroused as the patriotic matter is raised. England in those days suffered from many internal problems.

Stereotypes:

Fielding broke many rules of novel writing in Tom Jones. He could not clarify what type of novel is Tom Jones.  Whether it is philosophical history, romance or epicomic prosaic poem Tom as qualities of hero as well as villain’s, on the other hand man and women both suffer and fight out the situation.

Art as a theme:

The novel is artistic. It is women in such a way that at the end of many chapters there is a future hint – what would happen next is hinted. The author skillfully warns us that he would omit a scene. No vulgar action is mentioned. He prevents us from suspending ourselves from any disbelief and waiting for the narration ahead.
SOCIAL REALISM IN TOM JONES:

·         Rural Life
·         The City life of London
·         Female characters
·         Educational Institutes
·         Politics
·         Religion
·         Hero of the Novel

NOW I EXPLAIN ALL SOCIAL REALISM IN DETAIL…………

Rural Life:-

Hennery’s countryside life is narrow world. People are found gossiping here. Here, we find prude Mrs. Deboradh Wilkins, shrew Mr. Partiridge, champion Mrs. Western conquer Molly Seagrim, poverty, vanity, affection, malice, intrigue as they do in big cities. The novel thus shows real people of society of villagers in England in Henry’s time.

 The City life of London:-

Man of hill shows the condition of London dwellers before Tom reaches there. The life of London’s is degenerated. Lady Bellaston, Lord Fellamar, nigh tangle are all city breed. They have no virtues. They lead immoral life fielding also tells us that despite entertainments, the life is dull and monotonous.

 Female characters:-

A woman if lost chastity was considered to be a fallen woman. Lord Fellamar was persuaded into the belief that it would be easy for him to marry Sophia, a virtue as woman after having rated her. Women like Mrs. Waters, Lady Bellaston, Mrs. Honor, Mrs. Western, and Mrs. Deborah are characterized as if they are real social characters.

Educational Institutes:-

Tom and Blifil are not exposed to public school as squire Allworthy believed them to be corrupted. It show how healthy people of society engaged private tutors for their children or words. The treatment of doctors and lawyers are shown in different cases. Doctor told that Allworthy would die but he didn’t during illness. Later on lawyer is shown corrupt. Fielding here depicts corrupt people of society that was reality.

Politics:-

In 1745 army was really sent northwards to combat the rebels. It in Tom who wanted to join the army. Again when Sophia was at an inn. She is mistaken for Prince Charlie’s mistress. The above incidents give political scenario of Fielding’s age.

Religion:-

The incident where Molly Seagrim wearing Sophia’s beautiful dress goes to Church and being slowly starts quarrel refers to the pompous people going to Church who were not real followers of Christ. They were not interested in preaching but mongering.

Hero of the Novel:-

Fielding’s here himself is conventional. He is a hero chosen from common man. He has human weakness like any man of that comp temporary society. He is an ordinary noble but weak man. His impulses are good but unrestrained. He is honest brave and generous but weak willed.
PLOT:-

Allworthy discover a baby boy in is bed. And finds local woman Jermy Jones and her tutor Mr. Partridge guilty – Allworthy sends Jermy a ways from the country and the poverty – stricken partridge leaves of his own accord. In spite of the criticism of the Parish. Allworthy decides to bring up the boy. Bridget marries captain Blifil regards Tom Jones with jealousy while meditating on money matters captain Blifil falls dead of an apoplexy. The narrator skips forward twelve years. Blifil and Tom Jones have been brought up together. Allworthy is the only person who shows consistent affection for Tom. Tom is wild and Blifil is pious. Tom frequently steals to support the family of Black George one of Allworthy’s servants. Tom spends much time with squire Western Allworthy’s neighbor – since the squire is impressed by Tom’s sportsmanship. Sophia Western squire Western’s daughter. Falls deeply in love with Tom. Tom has already bestowed his affection on Molly Seagrim the poor.

When Molly becomes pregnant, Tom prevents Allworthy from sending Molly to prison by admitting that he has father he child. Tom’s commitment to Molly ends when he discovers that she has been having affairs. Allworthy falls gravely ill. He reads out his will inherit most of his estate. Although Tom is also provided for. A lawyer names Dowling arrives and announces the sudden and unexpected death of Bridget Allworthy. Blifil calls Tom a “ bastard ”  and Tom retaliates by hitting. Mrs. Western the aunt with whom Sophia spent much of her youth, comes to stay at the brother’s houses. She and the squire fight constantly but they unite over Mrs. Western’s plan to Marry Sophia to Blifil. Blifil thus beings with courtship of Sophia. Sophia however, strongly opposes the proposal. Blifil tells Allworthy that Tom is a rascal who drunkenly about the house and Allworthy banishes Tom from the county. Tom does not want to leave Sophia, but decides that he must follow the honorable path. Tom begins to wonder about the countryside. In Bristol he happens to meet up with Partridge who becomes his loyal servant. Tom also rescues Mrs. Waters from being robbed and they being an affair a local inn. Sophia who has run away from Squire Western’s estate to avoid marrying Blifil stops at this inn that Tom’s bed. The Irish man Fitzpatrick arrives at that inn searching for his wife and Western arrives searching for Sophia. Sophia stays with her lady relative Lady Bellaston.  Tom and Partridge stay in the house of Mrs. Miller and her daughters. A young gentle man call Mr. Nightingale also in habits the house and Tom soon realizes that he and Nancy are in love.  Nancy falls pregnant and Tom convinces Nightingale to marry her Lady Bellaston and Tom begins an affair, although Tom privately continues to pursue Sophia. When he and Sophia are reconciled Tom breaks off the relationship with Lady Bellaston by sending her marriage proposal that scares her away. She encourages lord Fellamar to rape Sophia. Squire Western looks Sophia in her bedroom. Mr. Fitzpatrick this begins a duel with Tom in defending himself Tom Stabs Fitzpatrick with the sword Partridge visits Tom in jail. Mrs. Western Allworthy and explains that Fitzpatrick is still alive and has admitted to initiating the duel. Allworthy realizes Blifil is this very gentlemen and he decides never to speak to him again. Mrs. Waters also reveal that Tom’s mother was Bridget Allworthy. Mrs. Miller explains to Sophia the reasons for Tom’s marriage proposal to Lady Bellaston and Sophia is satisfied. Now that Tom is Allworthy’s heir. Squire Western eagerly encourages the marriage between Tom and Sophia. Sophia chastises Tom for his lack of chastity, but agrees to marry him. They live happily on Western’s estate one around them with kindness and generosity.
Conclusion:-

Fielding was a writer for the theater before he was a novelist and one of the strongest impressions that the reader gets from ‘Tom Jones’  is that of dramatic handling of scene and act : the sharp silhouetting of characters and their grouping in such a manner as to avoid any confusions, even in so populous a drama. Tom Jones (1749) is rightly regarded as Fielding’s greatest work and one of the first and most influential of English novels. At the center of one of the most ingenious plots in English fiction stands a hero whose actions were in 1749, as shocking as they are funny today.

Paper no 1 The Renaissance literature

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Name : Parmar Darshna v.
Roll no: 5
Enrollment : 2069108420180039
M. A. : Sem 1
Year: 2017-2019
Email ID : parmardarshana1997@gmail.com
Submitted to : Department of English Bhavnagar
Topic : Temptation scene of paradise lost
Introduction about author
Paradise lost, is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17 century English poet John Milton (1806-1674)The first version, published in 1667,consisted to ten thousand lines of verse a second edition followed in 1674, arrange in to twelve books in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification. It is considered by critics to be Milton major work, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time.
- puritans (Religion person Milton has taken story form the Bible about the fall of men and describe it in paradise lost

Famous of for
1- paradis lost
2- paradise refined
3- Samson against

* Beauty of eve
- Eve is beautiful lady of universe Satan attract by her beauty.
-" wonder not, sovron, mistress, thy looks, the heaven of mildness, with disdain -fairest resemblance to thy maker fair "
- Eve is amazed, me marized at serpent 's power to speak like man and his reason.
>Temptation scene
- Satan in the form of serpent he always find how to tempt eve.
- Satan forgets his revengeful ideas and lost in the beauty of eve.
- but burning hell of jealousy encourage him to revenge hate and envy.
Temptation scene
-'Satan 'try to tempt eve he attack by her beauty.
- one day eve decide to work in several places, each labouring apart Adam Consents says no but eve don't understand.
- Satan continually around the garden and find eve alone he have this golden chance to tempt eve by serpent.
- Finally eve tempt by serpent and eat the fruit to know ladge forbidden. At end he wins.
>Introduction about Bible story
    Introduction about Bible story what does john Milton do out of text? And paradise lost how directly taken?


                          John Milton some where in era after, renaissance and renaissance reformation time paradise lost. directly taken book-1 that is “Genesis” or bible ,Milton as a poet, that information bible because is going on to re-look is everything this became significance is mastery capture is borrowing his subject and contain from bible holy book, he tray to say something. about is book is very impotence holy book this is going on in this time .it is significance tell a story a new way same biblical story new way.

                          They are look same way ,then john Milton face not any problem because rather expected any kind of the in paradise lost as Re-carry book of “Genesis” the first book bible is vary poetic expression. then excepted story became bible it kind of the bible. John Milton whatever is edition on annexation of the imagination in poet is inspired he do not write whatever paradise lost  early published  10 books.
                             Book is normally in  Know as epic poem for example, Ramayana we have in “kand”different balkand ,Ajodhya kand etc. in epic is tradition writing and multiple kand ,Prava. And we can see Mahabharata in kind of” purves”  all book long narrative ten book it was people modifying to now convenient 12 book now in scene of” temptation” book no 9 Beginning of the Satan in hell.
                             Beginning part of what is Satan doing that is write from pierce all fire he is rising then is in famous line –“it  is better to the rule in hell reign in have serve in heaven” he motivation every body like angle then how it beginning book no 9 speech about Adam and  Eve one is fall of Satan book no 9 fall of Adam, Eve. This to book is significance narrated  is Milton himself telling story third person narration it is not dramatic way of writing it is epic.
                                The poem way long dialogue writing poet himself  narrated point of view is third person tone is very “lofty” typical of epic poem this telling story race great event which bible refer to place setting in hell “chaos-it menace  night “ paradise garden in book no 9 we have only in paradise garden there  is scene of night chaos old term anarchy utter darkness according to capture initially darkness then chaos is reality is nature think polite something wrong happen light is corruption night is bed day is good we go before beginning of time then we find chaos is more natural darkness is more natural light is bible say let darkness is reality of nature light is something giving nature.
                                     



                                 Then protagonist is Adam and Eve and antagonist. Satan in this narrated dept to hell human kind, before come this story what is beginning. we have to read first book bible then inspired and 10 is very long story, angle ,Satan bible say this story we conclude bible very clearly.

                                   Blame  say eve seed of paradise lost biblical story. we look modern angle eve fall of men[ fall-menace sorrow, Suffering , misery ] every thing came in to men it menace human this is fall punishment, god give because text say eve will have  to suffer a lot out of cave agony we have bring to children men was eat apple. because  eve then serpent give punishment god,  You will not able to walk then your head crush by sun of eve and you will bite him that is how tell his in book no 9 tell how serpent came then temptation then say Adam, Eve do you know fruit of tree knowledge it metaphorical ” apple” is connected with knowledge tree of apple became tree of knowledge and how knowledge and religion connected.
                                        The men became knowledgeable then bible say it fall it is not write very deep problem. religion and knowledge are always something bible write “Disobedience” one of verse  kind of that is bed thing to not obey that is bad thing this command give god to Adam and Eve.  follow it to justify way to the god to men .

                                     In bible reference in god created heaven ,god created light, night ,day, evening mode time it beginning of time then god say purification of water and up layer is call heaven then down is dry land or earth and forth  day say that is sun, moon, light.

                      “Life in god garden “the creation of lord god garden of Edam that paradise is something earth is god creation men also in garden fruit tree of knowledge tree of good and evil primarily fore river passing in bible write  lord  god put men you take care of garden , in beautiful garden of every tree of the garden you freely it accept command of god say knowledge tree fruit not eat because then you died Edam need anybody to comparable then god say what is need? Then Adam say ‘bone of my bone ,flesh of my flesh ‘ it’s  women then god creation that men in body to creation women in third part” temptation “ scene  of bible “temptation scene” of the fall of men now serpent more sunniness to say Eve if you eat the fruit of tree knowledge then you became more powerful then you like power of god and every thing you knowing ,it is all information say Eve to Adam then Adam it first time then his both  eyes then he got clothes because he is knowing every thing and then first fear of god is state because it is not eat than he “disobedience” of god then god say your seed and human seed enemy each other .
What is paradise lost?
                “paradise lost is about Adam and Eve –how they come to be created . and how they come to lose, their place in garden of Eden. also called paradise lost it same story we find in the first pages of ‘genesis’ expanded narrative poem. It is also includes the story of the origin of the Satan”.

                         It mean’ paradise lost ‘ carefully elaborated retelling of the of the most impotence and tragic incident in the book of genesis narrates the creation of  the word and all its inhabitance ,including Adam and eve the first human beings.
Ø     Conclusion
             In the book no-9  in the Milton paradise lost that is typical representation in book we have seen , offers intimate of novelist he made of the conjugal lover in this book Milton  Satan as a devil moral being is writer far superior god .       

Ø     Reference

http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/paradiselost/themes.html

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Paperno.4:Indian Writing In English from Parmar Darshna Parmar Darshna

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Paper no.3: Literary Theory Criticism from Parmar Darshna Parmar Darshna

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Paper no.2:Neo-classical Literature from Parmar Darshna Parmar Darshna

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Papar 1 renaissance Literature from Parmar Darshna Parmar Darshna

Doctor Faustus

1  The play directed by matthew dunster for globe theater ends with this scene (see the image of lucifer.) what does it signify ?

   Ans.                    In the last scene of play Dr. Faustus caught alone in his study waiting for the
devils to come and take his soul. we can see the wide wings of lucifer it signify power of evil and in the and evil wins it shows his victory.

Q.2  Is God present in the play ? if Yes, where and how? if No, why ?

Ans.                     Yes, God has present in the play as good angels and friend and as old man. God tries to help faustus one or the other way so faustus think himself powerful. we are find in this play god is present in the mind of Dr. faustus. and also shows in this play when we doing something wrong it's against to god.

Q.3  What reading and interpretation can be given to this image (see the image of  daedalus and lcarus) with reference to central theme of the play. Dr. Faustus?

Ans.                         This picture of daedalus and lcurus is Greek mythology. Daedalus was father of Lcarus. lcarus ignores his father's warning and he was destroyed and fall down so he was responsible for his own fall. similarly in this play Dr. Faustus ignored warning of god and his own inner voice he ignored everything for become more powerful so he was responsible to end of his life.

Robinson Crusoe

Robinson crusoe is a novel by Daniel defoe, first published on 25 april 1719(298 years ago). The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and book a travelogue of true incidents.

The illustrater of this novel are single engraving by john clark and john pine after design by unknown artist. It is published in United Kingdom in English language. The genre of this novel is Adventure and historian fiction. This novel is followed by The Father Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. The creator of Robinson Crusoe is also done by Daniel Dafoe.

The characters of this novel are Robinson Crusoe, Friday, Xury, The Portuguese captain, The Spaniard. Some adaption are done like Crusoe(2008), Daniel Dafoe's Robinson Crusoe(1997), Robinson Crusoe (1954), The Wild Life(2016), Mr. Robinson (1976).

Colonial discourse in Robinson Crusoe:

Colonialism is defined as...

...the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of Colonies is one territory by people from another territory.

England was for a ling while, by far the most powerful and widely spread colonial empire in the world. For instance, there were the American colonies, as well as a British presence in China and India. in fact, it is only in the last ten years that Hong Kong reverted from the English back to china.

Colonization occurred primarily in...

...the late 15th to 20th century...the justifications included...Christian missionary work, the profits to be made, the expansion of the power of the metropole and various religious and political beliefs.

Portugal was, at once time, a dominant colonial force in Europe, as was Spain. Their position as colonial powers faltered in the seventeenth century, while England and France surged ahead to become the prevailing world powers.

In Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, colonialism is clearly apparent. To put the literary work into its proper context, it should be noted that the story was published in 1719, and England was enjoying the prosperity of the American colonies. England had adopted the stance that "God is on the side of the English" during Queen Elizabeth I's reign , this attitude had not diminished. Surely it only increased, which also included "island in the West indies".

Colonialism works in our life:

In our contemporary time, colonialism works, mentally our mind  set up with the way that britishers rule upon us. After independence we have so much changes Aare held. but still we follow the western customs.  The some celebration of birthday and engagements imposed by britishers . The foreign influences of customs, business and beauty products we use. Colonialism of food and clothes are raised with trend in india which are most followed by people. Western influences made our mind that colonialism is part of development. But in such a way our rituals and customes getting off by this type of foreign influences.

The movie is different than the original text in so many ways:

1. Movie focus only on one aspect, there are many other things like repenting, dis obeying his parents, the whole life of Crusoe that is not presented in the film.

2.  In the movie when Crusoe tells about his God that his God is the creator of this world. Then Friday argued that he didn't believe in God. Friday says that his god is 'Pokya' a crocodile. In text when Crusoe trying to imposed his God, Friday get convinced easily without any arguement. but in movie reflects the Friday doesn't consider to him and then he began argue with him.

3. In the novel when Crusoe tells Friday to go back to his own land, Friday started apologising, he feels that he had done something wrong thats why his master did not need him any more. He was emotionally attached by Crusoe and never want to leave his company. In the film there is total opposite situation. Crusoe needs Friday's company, his friendship. Crusoe can't live without Friday in that unknown island.

4.In original text before this there are two or three voyages already done. There is shipwreck, Crusoe's returns to his home and again starts a new voyage. These all things are absent in the adapted  movie.