Paper 4 assignment
To evaluate my assignment
Assignment
Name : Parmar Darshna Vinod Bhai
Roll on : 5
M. A: Sem-1
Year 2017-2019
Paper No: 4- Indian Writing in English pre - Independence
Email ID :parmardarshana1997@gmail.com
Enrollment No:2069108420180039
Submitted to : Department of English M. K. bhavanagar
Topic :what's the meaning of subaltern?
Write a critical note on the charcter of eklavaya with special reference to the concept of subaltern
Introduction
T. P. Kailasam:
T.P.Kailasam is remembered as the father of modern Kannada drama, the man of genius whose plays revolutionized the Kannada stage. He gave refreshing realism and modernity and freed it once for all from the literary unrealities that possessed it.
Kailasam focused tradition on contemporary social problems, a deeply compassionate vision of the human struggle, an almost Shakespearian power to evoke sympathetic laughter and an amazing grasp of the living language of men, combined with the gift of using it artistically for dramatic purpose
The five published poems of T.P.Kailasam are-
1. The Burden(1933)
2. Fulfillment(1933)
3. The Purpose(1944)
4. Karna(1946)
5. Keechake(1949)
Kailasam had as intimate a knowledge of The Ramayana as he had of The Mahabharata. But, with the exception of The Burden, all the published plays of Kailasam are inspired by The Mahabharata.
Shriranga remarks, “This Kannada Playwright, who wrote complete plays in English did not write a single play purely in Kannada.”
Kailasam was brought up on the Indian epics and they were always a living presence to him:
“These scenes and words you’ll see and hear
I’ve seen and heard before;
As king or priest, poltroon or peer,
Somewhere…some when of your”.
The time in which Kailasam wrote was featured by English- educated Indians to construct a well-defined nation free from colonial shadow. On the other side the whole nation was diseased by caste system, child marriage and Sati. Upper class, lower class and middle existed. During his time west was the model of moderation. As India has very rich literary and cultured past, past was an essential factor to represent Indianness. With the help of our ancient books T.P. Kailasam tried to bring into limelight marginalized characters such as Ekalavya and Karna.
The identity movements have increased where this type of plays prove useful. Arjun and other princes, their mentor all are from upper caste while Ekalavya is ‘Nishada’ a lower- caste fellow who is denied the basic right of Education.
“The Greatness of art”, Said Kailasam, “is in proportion to the greatness of the characters that the artists creates.”
“Art” said Kailasam, “never sets out to achieve something practical .Its aim is delight.”
Towards the end when Arjun protests that “the killing of an unarmed man” is “unfair, most unjust”, then Krishna says:
“It is the purpose of killing, not
The means and manner of killing that
Decides the fairness - justness of the killing.”
Plot:
The story deals with lower caste student who is eager to lower to learn archery to protect the fawns from the attack of wolves’ .A small boy called Ekalavya mother shows him the right path. She tells him to go to a teacher- Drona.
Drona taught the princes only so he refused to teach a “Nishada”. Before seeing Drona, Ekalavya was worried that he may not fit with the princes and so Drona might not accept him.
“Frightened as I am, I MUST WALK UP TO HIM AND ASK HIM! I wonder how I DARE! He looks so big and so noble!”
This shows the inner suffering and thoughts of lower class people while going to an upper class person. But Ekalavya is firm to meet Drona.
“But I MUST DARE! I MUST DARE ANYTHING TO SAVE MY POOR LITTLE FAWNS!”
The motive of Ekalavya was good. In order to save innocent animals he wanted to be an archer. There was no pride in him. He was humble. When he was not accepted he did not lose courage. He went back to his abode. The second act violates the rule of action given by Aristotle. Drona and Arjun are seen on a path. While they were talking both of them suddenly heard the high-pitched yell of a wild beast. They saw a continuous line of arrows pierce through the head of the fleeing beast wolf. The bowman was none other than Ekalavya. He comes to Dronacharya and Arjun. If one has desire to learn something even mountainous obstacles seem to be a small hill. Making the mud statue of Dronacharya he started practicing archery and it is said-
“PRACTICE MAKES MAN PERFECT”.
He becomes a perfect archer and achieved his goal. Ekalavya had no hunger of fame but his aim was the warfare of helpless fawns residing in the forest.
Arjun reminds Drona about the promise he had made to him to make him the world’s best archer. Arjun saw his dream shattered into pieces. Dronacharya’s pain as a teacher is universalized by the playwright. Drona’s speech short but is worth reading-
“If teaching and learning were all in the hands of Guru’s only, I could make him Greater Than you!”
“It is only love and respect for the Guru that counts… but the PURPOSE…the MAIN PURPOSE with which the pupil learns, Decides How Much He learns!”
Drona further highlights Arjun’s aim for being an archer. Ekalavya felt guilty as he thought that because of him his Guru’s promise is broken. He takes a firm decision to give his ‘Right Hand THUMB’ in “GURU DAXINA”. He walks up to the clay image of Drona and lays his right hand on the plinth; with an unflinching look on his face with one deft sharp stroke of his left arm, severs his right thumb; unheeding the gush of blood, picks up his severed thumb and walking back to Guru’s feet and stands mute! The other two have been to spell-bound to either follow or arrest Ekalavya’s movements. After serving thumb he repents for his fawn. He is worried about the lives of those creatures-
“God! My Fawns in Distress! And I Too Helpless Myself to Help Them”.
When Arjun speaks with him, and asks him about his feelings then Ekalavya says:
“Sorry?” Why should I be sorry? ... It is the least I could do to help my Guru… GODS! I HAVE FORGOTTEN MY FAWNS! SORRY!? I SHALL BE SORRY EVERY MOMENT OF MY LIFE IDID THIS MAD THING! EVERY TIME I HEAR THE GROAN OF A DEER OF THE DYING SHRIEK OF A FAWN I SHALL FEEL IT IS THE ECHO OF MY OWN DEATH- CRY! EVERY TIME I SEE THE MAIMED MAULED MANGLED REMAINS OF DEER OR FAWN, I SHALL FEEL ALL THE AGONIES OF MY OWN HEART BEING TORN ALIVE OUT OF MY BODY! OF COURSE I SHALL BE SORRY EV’RY MOMENT ALL THE REST OF MY LIFE I DID THIS MAD MAD THING!!
Characterization:
T.P.Kailasam has skillfully depicted the main characters as minor and the minor as main. Ekalavya could excel even Drona in the knowledge of archery. The influence of the mother, similarly, is demonstrated to be a great force in shaping character, as we see in the case of Ekalavya and Karna.
Character of Ekalavya:
In Mahabharata, we find a short description of Ekalavya; he was a “Nishada”. He was a talented boy. He was Non-Aryan. He wants to save deers from wolves. His father died while fighting for king. His mother was righteous woman. His mother tells him to ask Guru Drona about archery, so that he can save deers from wolves but Drona refused to teach him. Then Ekalavya made his statue from mud. He learn archery, he become a better archer without any guidance. But when Guru Drona asks for his Guru Daxina, he gave his right hand thumb.
Character of Arjun
The famous character from the epic Mahabharata. He is the son of the King Pandu and Kunti. Here in Purpose by T. P. Kailasam, Arjun is presented as a common man. He thinks that learning archery is his birth right. He symbolizes the so called ambitious and arrogant people of society. He was jealous of Ekalavya. When he was child he has many questions in his mind, he wants to be an archer, whom no one can defeat. He was described as innocent small child who has many dreams. Like any ordinary student he has also the problem of concentration.
Comparison between Ekalvya and Arjun
“The Purpose” by T.P. Kailasam presents the two characters, Arjuna and Ekalavya. Kailasam had given more importance to the character of Ekalavya. In any ancient literature, we find the characters like Ravana and Karna but they had not given importance also. On the other hand character like Arjuna, takes pleasure of all comforts given by the royal family, he was shocked, when he saw the condition of the wolf, he seems to be malicious to Ekalavya. But at the end he agrees that Ekalavya is better then him.
Style of “The Purpose”:
“The Purpose” in which Ekalavya suffers from being too discursive, especially in the first act Ekalavya’s tragedy, is one of the most effective sense that the dramatist executed. Alliteration served him as a good comic device in his social plays , it proves to be disastrous. This is how Bhishma of “The Purpose” instruct Arjuna-
“ Blessings, my budding bowman. But you will never bloom into better until you better the bearing of your body whilst at bow craft.”
Ekalvay as subaltern
-The greatest of art is in proportion to the greatness of the characters that the ritist creates.
*Center
-An epic hero
- original myth
-Two acts
-Great nishada
* Devotion to his Guru.
*Compassion for the poor fawns.
*Tregedy arises.
-Conflict - two loyalties and Consequent betrayal.
* original character of Ekalvya
* Mahabharata - Short description ekalvya
*Deprived of his basic right of education
* drona refused non-Muslims Aryan.
*started studying archery had to pay fees.
*Rights hand 'S thumb cut
* Ekalvay to the purpose
*non Aryan enger to save father is acher who died for king while fighting.
*Mother is virtuous lady tells to meet drona charya .
*modren ekalvya
-kailasm's Tim's India divided castes sub castes
-Lower class victim of fake rules and regulations
-ekalvya faced all the problems and came out in flying colours.
-the best Archer
-Arjuna and drona saw to wolf.
-Drona was amazed praised the Archery.
What is the meaning of subaltern ::
Theme of Subaltern:
In the original myth Ekalavya was asked to give Daxina, but here in T.P. Kailasam’s The Purpose, the student willingly decides to do so. For the dignity of his Guru’s promise he gave his important part of the body. When Ekalavya saw his Guru’s dilemma he decided to present his right thumb as Guru Daxina.
“If one studies without envy, success is bound to come.”
Conclusion:
“A person of no pride always remembers that no one can be perfect”. Over confidence is always dangerous. And “TO ERR IS HUMAN’ should be remembered. Here a minor character of Mahabharata, the great epic, is made a hero. T.P. Kailasam drew out a giant and capable character. His mythical characters are very powerful.
To evaluate my assignment
Assignment
Name : Parmar Darshna Vinod Bhai
Roll on : 5
M. A: Sem-1
Year 2017-2019
Paper No: 4- Indian Writing in English pre - Independence
Email ID :parmardarshana1997@gmail.com
Enrollment No:2069108420180039
Submitted to : Department of English M. K. bhavanagar
Topic :what's the meaning of subaltern?
Write a critical note on the charcter of eklavaya with special reference to the concept of subaltern
Introduction
T. P. Kailasam:
T.P.Kailasam is remembered as the father of modern Kannada drama, the man of genius whose plays revolutionized the Kannada stage. He gave refreshing realism and modernity and freed it once for all from the literary unrealities that possessed it.
Kailasam focused tradition on contemporary social problems, a deeply compassionate vision of the human struggle, an almost Shakespearian power to evoke sympathetic laughter and an amazing grasp of the living language of men, combined with the gift of using it artistically for dramatic purpose
The five published poems of T.P.Kailasam are-
1. The Burden(1933)
2. Fulfillment(1933)
3. The Purpose(1944)
4. Karna(1946)
5. Keechake(1949)
Kailasam had as intimate a knowledge of The Ramayana as he had of The Mahabharata. But, with the exception of The Burden, all the published plays of Kailasam are inspired by The Mahabharata.
Shriranga remarks, “This Kannada Playwright, who wrote complete plays in English did not write a single play purely in Kannada.”
Kailasam was brought up on the Indian epics and they were always a living presence to him:
“These scenes and words you’ll see and hear
I’ve seen and heard before;
As king or priest, poltroon or peer,
Somewhere…some when of your”.
The time in which Kailasam wrote was featured by English- educated Indians to construct a well-defined nation free from colonial shadow. On the other side the whole nation was diseased by caste system, child marriage and Sati. Upper class, lower class and middle existed. During his time west was the model of moderation. As India has very rich literary and cultured past, past was an essential factor to represent Indianness. With the help of our ancient books T.P. Kailasam tried to bring into limelight marginalized characters such as Ekalavya and Karna.
The identity movements have increased where this type of plays prove useful. Arjun and other princes, their mentor all are from upper caste while Ekalavya is ‘Nishada’ a lower- caste fellow who is denied the basic right of Education.
“The Greatness of art”, Said Kailasam, “is in proportion to the greatness of the characters that the artists creates.”
“Art” said Kailasam, “never sets out to achieve something practical .Its aim is delight.”
Towards the end when Arjun protests that “the killing of an unarmed man” is “unfair, most unjust”, then Krishna says:
“It is the purpose of killing, not
The means and manner of killing that
Decides the fairness - justness of the killing.”
Plot:
The story deals with lower caste student who is eager to lower to learn archery to protect the fawns from the attack of wolves’ .A small boy called Ekalavya mother shows him the right path. She tells him to go to a teacher- Drona.
Drona taught the princes only so he refused to teach a “Nishada”. Before seeing Drona, Ekalavya was worried that he may not fit with the princes and so Drona might not accept him.
“Frightened as I am, I MUST WALK UP TO HIM AND ASK HIM! I wonder how I DARE! He looks so big and so noble!”
This shows the inner suffering and thoughts of lower class people while going to an upper class person. But Ekalavya is firm to meet Drona.
“But I MUST DARE! I MUST DARE ANYTHING TO SAVE MY POOR LITTLE FAWNS!”
The motive of Ekalavya was good. In order to save innocent animals he wanted to be an archer. There was no pride in him. He was humble. When he was not accepted he did not lose courage. He went back to his abode. The second act violates the rule of action given by Aristotle. Drona and Arjun are seen on a path. While they were talking both of them suddenly heard the high-pitched yell of a wild beast. They saw a continuous line of arrows pierce through the head of the fleeing beast wolf. The bowman was none other than Ekalavya. He comes to Dronacharya and Arjun. If one has desire to learn something even mountainous obstacles seem to be a small hill. Making the mud statue of Dronacharya he started practicing archery and it is said-
“PRACTICE MAKES MAN PERFECT”.
He becomes a perfect archer and achieved his goal. Ekalavya had no hunger of fame but his aim was the warfare of helpless fawns residing in the forest.
Arjun reminds Drona about the promise he had made to him to make him the world’s best archer. Arjun saw his dream shattered into pieces. Dronacharya’s pain as a teacher is universalized by the playwright. Drona’s speech short but is worth reading-
“If teaching and learning were all in the hands of Guru’s only, I could make him Greater Than you!”
“It is only love and respect for the Guru that counts… but the PURPOSE…the MAIN PURPOSE with which the pupil learns, Decides How Much He learns!”
Drona further highlights Arjun’s aim for being an archer. Ekalavya felt guilty as he thought that because of him his Guru’s promise is broken. He takes a firm decision to give his ‘Right Hand THUMB’ in “GURU DAXINA”. He walks up to the clay image of Drona and lays his right hand on the plinth; with an unflinching look on his face with one deft sharp stroke of his left arm, severs his right thumb; unheeding the gush of blood, picks up his severed thumb and walking back to Guru’s feet and stands mute! The other two have been to spell-bound to either follow or arrest Ekalavya’s movements. After serving thumb he repents for his fawn. He is worried about the lives of those creatures-
“God! My Fawns in Distress! And I Too Helpless Myself to Help Them”.
When Arjun speaks with him, and asks him about his feelings then Ekalavya says:
“Sorry?” Why should I be sorry? ... It is the least I could do to help my Guru… GODS! I HAVE FORGOTTEN MY FAWNS! SORRY!? I SHALL BE SORRY EVERY MOMENT OF MY LIFE IDID THIS MAD THING! EVERY TIME I HEAR THE GROAN OF A DEER OF THE DYING SHRIEK OF A FAWN I SHALL FEEL IT IS THE ECHO OF MY OWN DEATH- CRY! EVERY TIME I SEE THE MAIMED MAULED MANGLED REMAINS OF DEER OR FAWN, I SHALL FEEL ALL THE AGONIES OF MY OWN HEART BEING TORN ALIVE OUT OF MY BODY! OF COURSE I SHALL BE SORRY EV’RY MOMENT ALL THE REST OF MY LIFE I DID THIS MAD MAD THING!!
Characterization:
T.P.Kailasam has skillfully depicted the main characters as minor and the minor as main. Ekalavya could excel even Drona in the knowledge of archery. The influence of the mother, similarly, is demonstrated to be a great force in shaping character, as we see in the case of Ekalavya and Karna.
Character of Ekalavya:
In Mahabharata, we find a short description of Ekalavya; he was a “Nishada”. He was a talented boy. He was Non-Aryan. He wants to save deers from wolves. His father died while fighting for king. His mother was righteous woman. His mother tells him to ask Guru Drona about archery, so that he can save deers from wolves but Drona refused to teach him. Then Ekalavya made his statue from mud. He learn archery, he become a better archer without any guidance. But when Guru Drona asks for his Guru Daxina, he gave his right hand thumb.
Character of Arjun
The famous character from the epic Mahabharata. He is the son of the King Pandu and Kunti. Here in Purpose by T. P. Kailasam, Arjun is presented as a common man. He thinks that learning archery is his birth right. He symbolizes the so called ambitious and arrogant people of society. He was jealous of Ekalavya. When he was child he has many questions in his mind, he wants to be an archer, whom no one can defeat. He was described as innocent small child who has many dreams. Like any ordinary student he has also the problem of concentration.
Comparison between Ekalvya and Arjun
“The Purpose” by T.P. Kailasam presents the two characters, Arjuna and Ekalavya. Kailasam had given more importance to the character of Ekalavya. In any ancient literature, we find the characters like Ravana and Karna but they had not given importance also. On the other hand character like Arjuna, takes pleasure of all comforts given by the royal family, he was shocked, when he saw the condition of the wolf, he seems to be malicious to Ekalavya. But at the end he agrees that Ekalavya is better then him.
Style of “The Purpose”:
“The Purpose” in which Ekalavya suffers from being too discursive, especially in the first act Ekalavya’s tragedy, is one of the most effective sense that the dramatist executed. Alliteration served him as a good comic device in his social plays , it proves to be disastrous. This is how Bhishma of “The Purpose” instruct Arjuna-
“ Blessings, my budding bowman. But you will never bloom into better until you better the bearing of your body whilst at bow craft.”
Ekalvay as subaltern
-The greatest of art is in proportion to the greatness of the characters that the ritist creates.
*Center
-An epic hero
- original myth
-Two acts
-Great nishada
* Devotion to his Guru.
*Compassion for the poor fawns.
*Tregedy arises.
-Conflict - two loyalties and Consequent betrayal.
* original character of Ekalvya
* Mahabharata - Short description ekalvya
*Deprived of his basic right of education
* drona refused non-Muslims Aryan.
*started studying archery had to pay fees.
*Rights hand 'S thumb cut
* Ekalvay to the purpose
*non Aryan enger to save father is acher who died for king while fighting.
*Mother is virtuous lady tells to meet drona charya .
*modren ekalvya
-kailasm's Tim's India divided castes sub castes
-Lower class victim of fake rules and regulations
-ekalvya faced all the problems and came out in flying colours.
-the best Archer
-Arjuna and drona saw to wolf.
-Drona was amazed praised the Archery.
What is the meaning of subaltern ::
Theme of Subaltern:
In the original myth Ekalavya was asked to give Daxina, but here in T.P. Kailasam’s The Purpose, the student willingly decides to do so. For the dignity of his Guru’s promise he gave his important part of the body. When Ekalavya saw his Guru’s dilemma he decided to present his right thumb as Guru Daxina.
“If one studies without envy, success is bound to come.”
Conclusion:
“A person of no pride always remembers that no one can be perfect”. Over confidence is always dangerous. And “TO ERR IS HUMAN’ should be remembered. Here a minor character of Mahabharata, the great epic, is made a hero. T.P. Kailasam drew out a giant and capable character. His mythical characters are very powerful.
Discuss more on subaltaern then any other things.
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